Minow, M. (1991). Post- 2000 redistricting created more majority-Latino districts, although the absolute number of Latino legislators did not increase correspondingly. Companies can collect data first-hand based on stats and unbiased information. A table lists data in columns. . I argue that race and ethnicity matter in congressional oversight of bureaucratic policymaking. The Costs and Benefits of Descriptive Representation: Womens Quotas, Variations in State Feminism and the Fact of Reasonable Pluralism. Easy to set up, doesn't require extra space. A vast literature debates the efficacy of descriptive representation in legislatures. The Journal of Politics, 61(3), 628657. They also have some other benefits over traditional headphones. In some cases, representation can seem to have very little to do with the substantive issues representatives in Congress tend to debate. This at times has started a great racial tension which has been negative but, shows some of the true colors of American which I feel is greatly needed. Copyright 2023 Leaf Group Ltd. / Leaf Group Media, All Rights Reserved. View the institutional accounts that are providing access. On the other hand, there are some disadvantages of descriptive research. Pros & Cons of Descriptive Research Varied. Cons. Our books are available by subscription or purchase to libraries and institutions. Four of those types include tables, bar graphs, line graphs and pie charts. In her successful 1970 congressional campaign, Bella Abzug (b) declared, This womans place is in the House the House of Representatives!. The flexibility of purposive sampling allows researchers to . As one Black representative to the U.S. Congress told Carol Swain, "One of the advantages, and disadvantages, of representing blacks is their shameless loyalty to their incumbents. When it comes to confidentiality, some respondents won't give answers to questionnaires and interviews. Individuals may not be voting on individual issues within a representative democracy, but they can still have their opinions heard. Explaining Ethnic Minority Preferences in Bulgarian Elections, Descriptive Representation: Understanding the Impact of Identity on Substantive Representation of Group Interests, Politics at the Intersection: A Cross-National Analysis of Minority Women's Legislative Representation, Electoral Systems and Citizen-Elite Ideological Congruence, Womens Representation via Parliamentary Questions (with Sven Schiltz), Regendering party politics: An introduction, Religious Identity and Descriptive Representation, THE STATE OF DEMOCRACY AND REPRESENTATION IN AUSTRALIA, Voting Locally Abstaining Nationally: Descriptive Representation, Substantive Representation and Minority Voters Turnout, Activating Human Rights and Peace: Universal Responsibility Conference 2008 Conference Proceedings, Personal Attributes and Latino Voting Behavior in Congress, Between Science and Engineering: Reflections on the APSA Presidential Task Force on Political Science, Electoral Rules, and Democratic Governance. Citing Literature. Descriptive representation allows for adequate communication in contexts of mistrust What is the relate-ability benefit of Descriptive Representation People will be more likely to communicate more with someone with whom they share a racial identity. A Contingent Yes. The findings of Mansbridges article, in sum, suggest that the benefits of descriptive representation should exceed the costs, it is not always needed, and it should be applied in an environment easy to change, fluid and dynamic in nature. Thirdly and lastly, I will outline the implications that descriptive and substantive representation have on MEM representatives and voters, and the lessons learnt from studying Ngo as a MEM political representative. 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. Towards a European union gender equality index. Gendered Citizenship and the Politics of Representation, https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-51765-4_5, Shipping restrictions may apply, check to see if you are impacted, Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout. Galligan, Y. This article is licensed under a CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license. In 1971, to better represent their interests, these representatives founded the Congressional Black Caucus (CBC), an organization that grew out of a Democratic select committee formed in 1969. In addition, the attempts to form race-based alliances have had very little success amongst minority groups as racial similarities are not significant enough to unify different minority groups. And bear in mind that representatives act on behalf of groups not directly included in decision-making so we should also focus on the representation of interests (though this is much harder to do than simply counting, of course). In the most comprehensive treatment on this subject to date, this article demonstrates that states with higher turnover rates and citizen legislatures are more conducive to the election of Latinos and demonstrates the institutional and demographic differences among several states affecting Latino descriptive representation. Rita Williams Garcia Net Worth, Given Australia's ethnic diversity, it is agreed by most political and sociological scholars that such diversity is lacking in Australian legislative bodies.1 A point of contention lies in whether MEM representatives are able to actually implement legislation that will represent the views of minorities in their electorate (substantive representation) or whether the number of MEM representatives in legislative bodies is sufficient for representation (descriptive representation).2 In this essay, after discussing the benefits and limitations of descriptive and substantive representation, I will argue that both theories are linked because elected minority representatives are often best equipped at dealing with the issues of minorities and that MEM representatives have a positive impact on voters. It doesn't answer the question "why", which makes it limited and won't come up with the cause and effect of a research topic. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. The imaginary domain: Abortion, pornography and sexual harassment. Advantages and disadvantages of descriptive representation Descriptive representation is where people are allowed to vote for leaders who they feel mirror their beliefs. Enter your library card number to sign in. Thirdly, descriptive research is less expensive and time consuming. Descriptive representation is a way of thinking about representation in which it is thought to be important that representatives have the same racial, gender, ethnic, religious, or educational backgrounds as their constituents. Crenshaw, K. (1991). 2. Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. 1992 also saw the rise of an increased participation of women in Congress, particularly Democratic women, and this number has increased steadily over the years. While Descriptive representation is a representation in which representatives have similar backgrounds to the people they represent. Pros of Reservation System in India The Reservation System in India traces its roots back to the pre-independence era, when it was introduced to put an end to social evils such as untouchability and caste system. Among them is Nancy Pelosi who became the Speaker of the House in the Eleventh Congress and James Clyburn, an African-American who served as Majority Whip. Learn how your comment data is processed. Following successful sign in, you will be returned to Oxford Academic. Minorities can be said to place themselves at a disadvantage because of their vulnerability and stubborn inability to, The fact that the social disorganization theory is pretty much you will that one one individual is influence of the people around him if he is in a neighbor hood known of robberies then the individual is more than likely going to be doing robberies. Weak coalition government:Proportional representation results in a weak and indecisive coalition government since every party wants to act in their best interest or get their own way with things. Sound bars have many pros, and they're the right choice for most people: Sound is still way better than integrated speakers. The collection of data is quick and easy to conduct, especially when doing surveys. You can get a decent soundbar at $200-300. CrossRef 4. tees, and voters weigh the pros and cons of descriptive representation, this analysis argues for attention to the specific historical contexts that make descrip-tive representation most useful. Cornell, D. (1998). Register or login to receive notifications when there's a reply to your comment or update on this information. It is tough to validate an accurate and complete representation of a study. Being a high school student I never payed much attention to anything outside of sports, academics and what crazy adventure me and my friends would be sucked into the upcoming weekend. Another benefit of descriptive research is that it enables you to determine the behavior of people in a natural setting. 8. 1. From class actions to Miss Saigon. How Gender Composition and Decision Rules Affect Deliberation Tali Mendelberg Princeton University Christopher F. Karpowitz Brigham Young University Nicholas Goedert Washington University in St. Louis Does low descriptive representation inhibit substantive representation for women in deliberating groups? On the relationship between gender democracy and gender equality in the EU. Required fields are marked *. Michele L. Swers is associate professor of government at Georgetown University. States of democracy: A gender perspective. Conducting a thorough survey relies on two things: willing participants and accurate data. Swift, A. in or register, Esping-Andersen, G. (1990). . Advantages and disadvantages of descriptive representation Descriptive representation is where people are allowed to vote for leaders who they feel mirror their beliefs. Does Descriptive Representation Facilitate Women's Distinctive Voice? Do not use an Oxford Academic personal account. Sawer, M. (2002). Proportional representation is a system of political representation that has been growing by leaps and bounds. Use descriptive statistics to summarize and graph the data for a group that you choose. In descriptive representation, representatives have similar backgrounds (gender, race, religion, etc.) For librarians and administrators, your personal account also provides access to institutional account management. Source publication Pros, Cons, and Changing Behavior: An. Advantage. Oxford: Polity Press. Main Research Question. Conservatives and right-wing liberals have traditionally opposed it, while left-wing political parties and social movements often regard quotas for marginalized groups as decisive progressive measures in struggles for democracy and justice. - Volume 55 Issue 2. London: Routledge. Sloman (1985) has also argued the pros and cons of analogical representations, and has concluded that a variety of representation formalismsincluding those specialized for spatial reasoningare important to AI problem solving. - 136.243.94.45. Related; Information; Close Figure Viewer. "Share icon", Quan Do, The Noun Project. Instead, proper representation for some is rooted in the racial, ethnic, socioeconomic, gender, and sexual identity of the representatives themselves. People still have a voice. Many advances in womens rights have been the result of womens greater engagement in politics and representation in the halls of government, especially since the founding of the National Organization for Women in 1966 and the National Womens Political Caucus (NWPC) in 1971. Experimental research offers the highest levels of control. It is great to see people who feel like they are finally getting the representation they deserve. It is different from exploratory research in that it is typically more focused on a certain unknown or unproven aspect of the project. It helps by saving time and money while collecting data. For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription. Krizsan, A., Skjeie, H., & Squires, J. The goal of a time restriction is to create a measurable outcome so that metrics can be in place. Because of such instances, today, many political representatives attempt to practice descriptive representation which promotes racial unity. Rawls, J. Classic descriptive statistics include mean, min, max, standard deviation, median, skew, kurtosis. The theory of the politics of presence (Phillips 1995) provides reasons for expecting a link between descriptive and substantive representation. The body is responsible for implementing and drafting . Racial profiling and stereotyping are just two forms in which minorities have been facing for years. Tests: The Cognitive Impact of Descriptive Representation. both quantitative and qualitative research. Democracy and disagreement. What is a Descriptive Representative? For minorities, America is not the land of the free. world (descriptive representation), and the second focuses on effects of women's presence in parliament (substantive representation). 4. To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds toupgrade your browser. 2. In Australia, 'ethnic' generally has been used to refer to immigrants (and their offspring) from non-British origins.3 Regarding the definition of 'migrant', I will apply the United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural, Under what conditions are Latinos elected to the Congress and state legislatures? The advantage is that it ensures that government sis efficient as the democratic process has included checks and balances (Regoli). In the end, there is however a set of remaining pro arguments suggesting that descriptive representation produces some exclusive benefits. This article examines theoretical expectations on the importance of descriptive representation. During this time more than ever, African Americans are able to speak on subjects that can affect us in the future. Lafont, C. (2006). Annual Review of Political Science, 12, 5169. This forces the government to dissolve the coalition. (Eds. Creating a list that details both sides of the argument makes it easier to visualize the potential impact of your decision. While women and minorities remain underrepresented in Congress, some individual legislators have achieved seniority and enough political clout necessary to move into leadership positions. Tannen, D. (1994). Arena Centre for European Studies, University of Oslo, Sognsveien 68, 0855, Oslo, Norway, You can also search for this author in Sound bar - Pros and Cons. Mansbridge, J. Disadvantages include the technical precision, time and funding resources necessary to create tables and graphs. The closer assessment of pros and cons will however vary with normative position and more specifically with which conceptions of democracy and equality one subscribes to. to the people they represent. These descriptive representations reflect the laws of nature, the system, or logical constraints for the design of the product. Since feedback is a necessary component of first-class customer service and workforce optimization . Guinier, L. (1994). It might be helpful to take a longer-term perspective here: rather than focusing on the absence of particular (small) groups in society in any given legislature, focus on persistent exclusion over several legislatures. Descriptive research is a process of systematically describing and analyzing something's features, properties or characteristics. Market Research World: What are The Pros and Cons of Data Collection Methods? The extent to which a representative resembles those being represented. This however has created an increase in of social anxiety among some people in American. The first disadvantage is that descriptive research requires more skills. The purpose of descriptive research, aside from describing a certain population or situation, is to know the basic knowledge of a study. It is an Efficient Form of Government. Caption. Grofman, B. Today, EMILYs List, a PAC founded in 1985 to help elect pro-choice Democratic women to office, plays a major role in fundraising for female candidates. Institutionalizing intersectionality. 9. Qualitative research, such as surveys and interviews, make information relatable to the reader. Phillips, A. London: Routledge. Between facts and norms. Comparative Analysis: Information can be compared in terms of graphical representation. It occurs when two or more parties are represented by the same real estate brokerage. Does the representative look like, have common interests with, or share certain experiences with the represented? Oxford: Oxford University Press. Affordable. Equal outcomes on an individual level would have implied that each and every individual got the same bundle of goods and burdens in question. Should representatives be typical of their constituents? These descriptive representations reflect the usage characteristics of the end product, what the owner (s) are going to do with the end product, or how they will use it once they get it in their possession. Cons are arguments against it. doughty funeral home exmore, virginia obituaries, Woocommerce Remove Product Attribute Programmatically, radisson blu resort residences punta cana, largest man made lake in the world by surface area, is rosemary oil safe for color treated hair, tarrant county democratic party precinct chairs. This article examines theoretical expectations on the importance of descriptive representation. Marion Maddox, Kais Al-momani, Niki N. N. Dados, Journal on Ethnopolitics and Minority Issues in Europe, Leda Sutlovic, Toma Deelan, Danica Fink-Hafner, Jasminka Pesut, Centre for Peace and Social Justice Papers, The Institutional and Demographic Determinants of Latino Representation in State Legislatures, Legislative Oversight and the Substantive Representation of Black and Latino Interests in Congress, Women's Legislative Representation and Gender Equality: What Works in the Absence of a'Critical Mass', Quota Laws, Representation of Women and the Role of Civil Society Organizations, The Social and Political Forces Shaping Legislator-Constituent Relations: Expanding an Empirical Theory of Representation, Political Participation of Muslims in Australia, Citizen Panels and the Concept of Representation. With descriptive representation, decision makers will be more diverse and may therefore be more likely to listen to the input of more diverse citizens, to give and receive from them the kind of information that is relevant to their concerns, and to respond to their expressed needs (Broockman, 2013). Because it is so varied in method and usage, researchers favor its use in many different fields including marketing, medical health, science and psychology. https://thenounproject.com/term/share/7671/, CC BY. In N. Fraser & A. Honneth (Eds. 3. At the heart of freedom: Feminism, sex & equality. ), Deliberative democracy and its discontents. However, in substantive representation, it is not necessary for the representative to have a similar background or shared characteristics with the people he represents. Mart, J. L. (2006). Mink had been interested in fighting discrimination in education since her youth, when she opposed racial segregation in campus housing while a student at the University of Nebraska. Cleveland State Law Review, 39(3), 269300. blurted this. Descriptive representation is the concept that those who represent the American people should not only have the same political interest, but should also mirror the demographic makeup of the people. Emerald: Bingley. European Journal of Political Research, 32, 1852010. They may sometimes also include analytic work (comparing factors "" see below). It evaluates empirical evidence on the impact of race, gender, and ethnicity on the behavior of legislators. Descriptive representation is the idea that political institutions should reflect the social composition of populations as they are.5 In descriptive representation, representatives not only have visible characteristics (such as ethnicity, gender, or sexual orientation) that are common to their constituents but also have shared experiences such as Predictive analytics determines the potential outcomes of present and past actions and trends. 1. The results apply to various other topics and departments, too. List of Pros of Bicameral Legislature. Prescriptivists typically abide by traditional elements that strive to preserve long-lasting grammatical rules, word forms, processes or behaviors even if the rules are outdated. The Pros And Cons Of Using Clicker. Second, this same information reveals to us when somebody is strange, or something improper is going on. Inspection; Surface Mount; Test; Through-Hole; Menu Advantages and disadvantages of descriptive research. The NWPC was formed by Bella Abzug, Gloria Steinem, Shirley Chisholm, and other leading feminists to encourage womens participation in political parties, elect women to office, and raise money for their campaigns. (1996). New York: Oxford University Press. Confidentiality is the primary weakness of descriptive research. In K. Ross (Ed. Descriptive Representation and Intergroup Relations in Comparative Perspective. Cornell, D. (1995). Acta Politica, 4, 389403. In the achievement of this endeavour, first, I have examined the legislative initiatives of the NP in the period January 2012 - June . The brevity by which descriptive investigations are carried out means that their costs are not high, compared to other types of investigations. Norsk Statsvitenskaplig Tidsskrift, 13(3). The epistemic conception of deliberative democracy defended. Berkeley: University of California Press. ), Women, politics, and change (pp. Holst, C. (2010). In the end, there is however a set of remaining pro arguments suggesting that descriptive representation produces some exclusive benefits. Race itself was never something I viewed another, in the way women are portrayed in modern culture and society. The more people feel less repressed by the authority the more they feel like they can speak and actual have their voices heard. Weldon, L. S. (2002). Making your pros and cons list objectively can help weigh each pro and con against the others. Goodin, R. 2004. 2. Pitkin, H. F. (1972). The mission of the fellowship is to support and advance academic and practitioner-scholars in their gender-related research. Race has been a long-standing and stubborn dividing line in local, state, and national politics in the United States (Rogers 6). Tests: The Material and Tangible Effects of Descriptive Representation. Descriptive representation describes the extent to which public officials reflect the demographic composition of the constituents that they serve. You do not currently have access to this chapter. Descriptive representation as an intrinsic good Theories of descriptive representation also suggest that voters may value representatives of the same race as an intrinsic good, regardless of any (perceived) substantive representation that accompanies it. The Oxford Handbook of the American Congress, Behavioral Approaches to the Study of Congress, Formal Approaches to the Study of Congress, Touching the Bones: Interviewing and Direct Observational Studies of Congress, Historical Approaches to the Study of Congress: Toward a Congressional Vantage on American Political Development, Campaign Finance in Congressional Elections, Descriptive Representation: Understanding the Impact of Identity on Substantive Representation of Group Interests, Theories of representation and the link between descriptive and substantive representation, Descriptive representation and the constituentrepresentative link, Descriptive representation and substantive representation of group interests, Voting behavior and representation of minority interests, Beyond voting behavior: Exploring the link between descriptive and substantive representation throughout the legislative process, Descriptive representatives and vigorous advocacy for group interests, The importance of institutional and partisan dynamics, Critical mass and institutional influence on descriptive representation, Critical mass and institutional power in congress, Leadership differences in substance and style, Congressional Institutions and Procedures, Managing Plenary Time: The U.S. Congress in Comparative Context, The Ties That Bind: Coalitions in Congress, The Development of Congressional Elections, The Development of the Congressional Committee System, Sectionalism and Congressional Development, Congress and the Executive Branch: Delegation and Presidential Dominance, The Amorphous Relationship between Congress and the Courts, Reflections on the Study of Congress 19692009, ' Descriptive Representation: Understanding the Impact of Identity on Substantive Representation of Group Interests', in George C. 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